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Transitional Signals
Transition signals can be compared to traffic signs. They are words that tell you to go forward, to turn, to slow down and to stop. Better said, they help the reader when to you are giving a similar idea, an opposite idea, an example, a result, or a conclusion. As a writer it is important to use these types of words to help you follow your ideas coherently.
Types of Transitional Signals
Transition words can be classified taking into account they type of help they might offer a writer. They can be classified in the following types:
Words that Show Addition
They aid the writer when he or she wants to present two or more ideas that continue along the same line of thought. Some common adition words are: and, also, another, in addition, moreover, first of all, second, third, furthermore, finally.
Words that Show Time
They indicate a time relationship. They tell us when an specific event took place in relation to another. Some of these words are: First, then, often, since, next, before, after, soon, as, now, until, previously, while, during, immediately, frequently.
Words that Show Contrast
They signal a change in the direction of the writer's thought. They tell us a new idea will be different in a significant way from the previous one. Some contrast words are: but, however, yet, although, in contrast, instead, still, in spite of, despite, on the other hand, on the contrary.
Word that Show Comparison
These words are used when a writer wants to point out a similarity between two subjects. They tell us that the previous idea is similar to the next one in some way. Some words that show comparison are: like, as, just like, just as, in like manner, equally, similarly, in a similar fashion, in the same way.
Words that Show Illustration
These words are used if you as a writer want to provide one of more examples to develp and clarify a given idea. They tell us that the second idea is an example of the first. Some illustration words are: for example, for instance, as an illustration, to illustrate, such as, to be specific, including.
Words that Show Location
Location transitions show a relationship in space. They tell us where something is in relation to something else. Some of these words can be: next to, in front of, in back of, below, between, inside, outside, opposite, on top of, across, beneath, in the middle of, on the other side, at the end of, ahead of, over, under, behing, near, far.
Words that Show Cause and Effect
These types of words are useful if an author wants to describe a result of something. They tell us what happened or will happen because something else happened. These type of words are: because, if... then, as a result, consequently, accordingly, therefore, since, so.
Words that Summarize or Conclude
These types of words are used when the idea that follows will sum up the entire writing or a final statement will be written as a conclusion. These words are: in summary, in conclusion, in short, all in all, in brief, in other words, on the whole, to conclude, to sum up.
Punctuation Rules
One of the most important aspects to take into consideration when you write is punctuation. It will tell your reader when to stop or when to change the interpretation of your paper. Speakers use intonation and writers use punctuation. Some of the most common marks in English are the following:
Period
- Use a period after a statement or command.
Turn on the television.
We are studying English.
- Use a period after most abbreviations.
Mr.
Ms.
Dr.
Exceptions:
UN
NATO
IBM
AIDS
Question Mark
Use a question mark in an interrogative statement. In a direct quotation, the question mark goes before the quotation mark.
He said, "Are you coming home?"
Comma
- Use a comma before a conjunction (and, or, so, but) that separates two independent clauses.
She wanted to learn to cook, so she decided to buy herself a book.
- Don't use a comma before a conjunction that separates two incomplete sentences.
She worded in the library and studied at night.
- Use a comma to separate interrupting expressions from the rest of the sentence.
Do you know, by the way, what time it is?
- Use a comma after yes and no in answers.
Yes, my father is a doctor.
- Use a comma to separate an apposite form the rest of the sentence.
Mr. Smith, the new teacher, really knows how to teach.
Would you like to try a taco, a traditional Mexican dish?
Quotation Marks
- Use quotation marks at the beginning and at the end of exact quotations.
He said, "I'm going to get married."
- Use quoation marks before and after titles of stories, articles, songs, and TV shows.
Do you want to watch "Friends" on TV?
My favorite song is "Disappear" by INXS.
Capitalization Rules
We use a capital letter in the following cases:
First words
- Capitalize the fist word of every sentence.
- Capitalize the first word of a quotation.
Personal Names
- Capitalize the names of people including initials and titles of address.
- Capitalize family words if they appear alone of followed by a name.
Let's go, Dad.
Where's Grandma?
- Do not capitalize family words with a possessive pronoun or article.
My uncle
An aunt
- Capitalize names of God.
Allah
Jesus Christ
Place Names
- Capitalize the names of countries, states, provinces, cities, lakes, rivers, islands, mountains
Mexico
Mt. Everest
the Amazon
Lake Ontario
- Do not capitalize the names of seasons
summer
spring
fall
winter
Sources: http://www.geocities.com/gob72/
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